Freeze Drying and How it Works

The basic process of freeze-drying food was known to the ancient Peruvian Incas of the Andes. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is the sublimation (removal) of water content from frozen food. The dehydration occurs under a vacuum and causes the plant or animal product solidly frozen during the process. Shrinkage is eliminated or minimized, and a near-perfect preservation results. Freeze-dried food lasts longer than other preserved food and is very light, which makes it perfect for space travel. The Incas stored their potatoes and other food crops on the mountain heights above Machu Picchu. The cold mountain temperatures froze the food and the water inside slowly vaporized under the low air pressure of the high altitudes. During World War II, the freeze-dried process was developed commercially when it was used to preserve blood plasma and penicillin. Freeze-drying requires the use of a special machine called a freeze dryer, which has a large chamber for freezing and a vacuum pump for removing moisture. Over 400 different types of freeze-dried foods have been commercially produced since the 1960s. Two bad candidates for freeze-drying are lettuce and watermelon because the water content is too high and they freeze-dry poorly. Freeze-dried coffee is the best-known freeze-dried product. The Freeze Dryer   Special thanks goes to Thomas A. Jennings, Ph.D., author of  the reply to the question Who invented the first freeze-dryer?   Thomas A. Jennings, Lyophilization:  Introduction and Basic Principles There is no real invention of a freeze-dryer. It appears to have evolved with time from a laboratory instrument that was referred to by Benedict and Manning (1905) as a chemical pump. Shackell took the basic design of Benedict and Manning and used an electrically driven vacuum pump instead of the displacement of the air with ethyl ether to produce the necessary vacuum. It was Shackell who first realized that the material had to be frozen before commencing the drying process  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  hence freeze-drying. The literature does not readily reveal the person who first called the equipment used to conduct this form of drying a freeze-dryer. Dr. Jennings company has developed a number of instruments that are directly applicable to the lyophilization process, including their patented D2 and DTA thermal analysis instrument. Trivia   Freeze-dried  coffee  was first produced in 1938, and lead to the development of powdered food products. Nestle company invented freeze-dried coffee after being asked by Brazil to help find a solution to their coffee surpluses. Nestles own freeze-dried coffee product was called Nescafe and was first introduced in Switzerland. Tasters Choice Coffee, another very famous freeze-dried manufactured product, derives from a patent issued to James Mercer. From 1966 to 1971, Mercer was chief development engineer for Hills Brothers Coffee Inc., in San Francisco. During this five-year period, he was responsible for developing a continuous freeze-drying capability for Hills Brothers, for which he was granted 47 U.S. and foreign patents. How Does Freeze Drying Work? According to  Oregon Freeze Dry, the purpose of freeze-drying is to remove a solvent (usually water) from dissolved or dispersed solids. Freeze drying is the  method for preserving materials that are unstable in solution. In addition, freeze-drying can be used to separate and recover volatile substances as well as to purify materials. The fundamental process steps are: Freezing: The product is frozen. This provides a necessary condition for low-temperature drying.Vacuum: After freezing, the product is placed under a vacuum. This enables the frozen solvent in the product to vaporize without passing through the liquid phase, a process known as sublimation.Heat: Heat is applied to the frozen product to accelerate sublimation.Condensation: Low-temperature condenser plates remove the vaporized solvent from the vacuum chamber by converting it back to a solid. This completes the separation process. Applications of Freeze-Dried Fruits In freeze-drying, moisture sublimes directly from the solid state to vapor, thus producing a product with controllable moisture that has no need for cooking or refrigeration and retains its natural flavor and color.   Sources Home. OFD Foods, 2017. Jennings, Thomas A. Lyophilization: Introduction and Basic Principles. 1st Edition, CRC Press, August 31, 1999.

Essay on A Feminist Journey through Beethovens Musical...

A Feminist Journey through Beethovens Musical Structure Traditional analysis of Beethovens use of Sonata Allegro form tends to focus on harmonic or melodic movement and key relationships. This study stretches such investigations to include questions of historical context and philosophic motivations that drive a composer to structure music in a certain way. Ultimately this leads to an inquiry about how these traditions affect us as listeners, and more specifically how they relate to gender issues in a musical tradition primarily made up of male composers. Music of the 1700s is often characterized as highly structured and balanced. A favorite form for pieces of many kinds was the sonata form, which relies heavily on the basic†¦show more content†¦Hadow says that Haydn and Mozarts use of the same melodic material for both the first and second subject was indicative of their influence from binary form. But Beethoven, who was a much more daring innovator, as well as a much greater master of structure, than either of his predecessors never committed such an atrocity, since such a scheme would only help to stereotype an outworn and obsolete form (61). The melodic material of the two themes makes up the exposition, melodic expansion on those themes constitutes the development and a return to the themes makes up the recapitulation. Ternary forms use of different melodic material allowed for variety while its strict key relationships kept unity throughout. Charles Rosen, on the other hand, sees harmonic rather than melodic material as central to sonata analysis. He says that the fact is that while the placing, number, and character of the themes, at least from Scarlatti to Beethoven, have in an importance which ought not to be underestimated, they are in no sense the determining factors of the form (30). In fact, although Beethoven might not explicitly use the existing first theme in the next key area, often the second theme is clearly a variant of the opening theme (31). The key areas rather than the melodic themes can be seen as constituting a two-partShow MoreRelated Discontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop5489 Words   |  22 PagesDiscontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop In cultures all over the world, music can be seen encompassing many aspects of life for many individuals. It is a form of mass communication thatspeaks directly to society as a cultural form, and often reflects a collection and pattern of personal experiences (King 19). Music is so influential because it communicates on three different levels: the physical, emotional, and cognitive. Not only does it operate in a nondiscursive way, by

Parts of a Business Letter Essay Thesis Example For Students

Parts of a Business Letter Essay Thesis Al be graduating from Mount Olive College in August and am actively seeking a retail management position. As you will note in the enclosed resume, I have had meaningful practical experience in both retail sales and customer service. My positions at The Gap and Bells have given me the ability to work with a wide variety of clients. In addition, have completed several courses in management while pursuing my baccalaureate degree in business administration. My experience as Secretary of the Mount Olive College Phi Beta Lambda (national business organization) ND as a member Of the MOCK softball team have also helped my leadership and organizational skills. Would like to explore the Retail Management Trainee position with you further. Will be in Wilmington the week of February 4th and would love to have the opportunity to speak with you at that time. I will call next week to see if we might identity a mutually convenient meeting time.

Total Cost of Ownership free essay sample

Examples include: return on investment, internal rate of return, economic value added, return on information technology, and rapid economic justification. A TCO analysis includes total cost of acquisition and operating costs. A TCO analysis is used to gauge the viability of any capital investment. An enterprise may use it as a product/process comparison tool. It is also used by credit markets and financing agencies. TCO directly relates to an enterprises asset and/or related systems total costs across all projects and processes, thus giving a picture of the profitability over time. Computer and software industries TCO analysis was popularized by the Gartner Group in 1987. [1] The roots of this concept date at least back to the first quarter of the twentieth century. [2] Microsoft then embraced the concept and commissioned various white papers and case studies in the late 90s to show that Windows had a lower TCO than Linux. The studies have not been found to be either objective or conclusive. [3] Many different methodologies and software tools have been developed to analyze TCO. TCO tries to quantify the financial impact of deploying an information technology product over its life cycle. These technologies include software and hardware, and training. Technology deployment can include the following as part of TCO: †¢ Computer hardware and programs o Network hardware and software o Server hardware and software o Workstation hardware and software o Installation and integration of hardware and software o Purchasing research o Warranties and licenses o License tracking compliance o Migration expenses o Risks: susceptibility to vulnerabilities, availability of upgrades, patches and future licensing policies, etc. †¢ Operation expenses Infrastructure (floor space) o Electricity (for related equipment, cooling, backup power) o Testing costs o Downtime, outage and failure expenses o Diminished performance (i. e. users having to wait, diminished money-making ability) o Security (including breaches, loss of reputation, recovery and prevention) o Backup and recovery process o Technology training o Audit (internal and external) o Insurance o Information technology pers onnel o Corporate management time †¢ Long term expenses o Replacement o Future upgrade or scalability expenses Decommissioning Transportation industry The TCO concept is widely used in the transportation industry. For example, the TCO defines the cost of owning an automobile from the time of purchase by the owner, through its operation and maintenance to the time it leaves the possession of the owner. Comparative TCO studies between various models help consumers choose a car to fit their needs and budget. Some of the key elements incorporated in the cost of ownership for a vehicle include[4]: †¢ Depreciation Costs †¢ Fuel Costs †¢ Insurance †¢ Financing †¢ Repairs †¢ Fees and Taxes Maintenance Costs †¢ Opportunity Costs See also †¢ Cost to company (CTC) †¢ Activity-based costing †¢ Life cycle cost analysis †¢ Total benefits of ownership †¢ Total cost †¢ Total cost of acquisition TCO Webopedia Abbreviation of Total Cost of Ownership, a very popular buzzword representing how much it actually costs to own a PC. The TCO includes: †¢ Original cost of the computer and software †¢ Hardware and software upgrades †¢ Maintenance †¢ Technical support †¢ Training Most estimates place the TCO at about 3 to 4 times the actual purchase cost of the PC. The TCO has become a rallying cry for companies supporting network computers. They claim that not only are network computers less expensive to purchase, but the TCO is also much less because network computers can be centrally administered and upgraded. Backers of conventional PCs, especially Microsoft and Intel, have countered with Zero Administration for Windows (ZAW), which they claim will also significantly reduce TCO. March 21, 2008 †¢Ã‚  Vol. 30 Issue 12 Page(s) 24 in print issue Info-Tech Insight TCO: What? s Old Is New A colleague of mine recently posed an innocent question, â€Å"When did the concept of total cost of ownership emerge? † Several responses pointed to the actions of the IT analyst community in the mid-1980s. Another colleague said, â€Å"Phooey. We used TCO at UNIVAC in the 1970s. † But the concept seems to be much older. [pic]In Search Of TCO The New York Times is always a good source for harnessing zeitgeist. The first technology article in the Times that mentions â€Å"total cost of ownership† dates from March 1995. It’s called â€Å"The Executive Computer; A Dinosaur in Open Systems Clothing† and parrots the analyst lingo. It’s about? no surprise? the AS/ 400. The classifieds are more interesting. An ad from July 16, 1967, lists total cost of ownership as a crucial skill for a â€Å"Support Systems Life Cycle Cost Analyst† for the aerospace industry. I should note that this ad predates the birth of the IT analyst industry by several years. The academic literature also points to this era as the possible beginning for TCO. A 1976 article in the Journal of Finance, â€Å"Leasing, Buying, and the Cost of Capital Services,† discusses the â€Å"total cost of ownership† for production machinery. More remarkably, a review in Quality Progress from 1968 notes, â€Å"Total cost of ownership is being used profitably in the elevator industry. † OK, elevators aren’t IT, but the concept certainly seems the same. So TCO dates back at least to the late 1960s, perhaps a result of free love and pervasive civil disobedience (as anyone with experience at UNIVAC could doubtless relate). But a little additional digging demonstrates that the concept is even older and appears in a few dusty books. â€Å"Principles of Engineering Economy† from 1938, for example, includes the term in the introduction and on pages 17 and 18. Most dramatically, however, â€Å"Manual of the American Railway Engineering Association† (1929) notes that, â€Å"in the event there is a surplus of power then the total cost of ownership should be multiplied by the ratio of the cost of repairs to the total. † [pic]Just How Old Is TCO? After reveling in my discovery that TCO dates from at least 1929, a colleague noted that the ancient Egyptians probably used the concept (assisted, no doubt, by some handy big iron from UNIVAC). I doubt that the Egyptians had the concept of TCO given their habit of making capital investments with extreme durability. The notion of â€Å"replacement period† doesn’t make a lot of sense when we’re talking about housing the eternal souls of living gods. And labor costs are largely moot for a nation of slaves. The Greeks and Romans probably didn’t really have TCO either. They divided the world of knowledge into three realms: episteme, knowledge of the world as best represented by mathematics; praxis, the applied knowledge of political leaders; and techne, the base knowledge of masons, weavers, and other artisans. As with the Egyptians, techne was the realm of slaves and was despised by the rest of society. This prejudice persisted through the collapse of the Roman Empire and through the Middle Ages. The medieval traditions of scholasticism and, later, humanism deprecated anything to do with technology. It wasn’t until the introduction of gunpowder at the Battle of Crecy in 1346 and the rise of bastioned fortification to resist gunpowder artillery that technologists really started to get the recognition, and compensation, with which we are now familiar. [pic]TCO: â€Å"Revolution† In French The concept of utility and efficiency, core principles of TCO, didn’t emerge in the Renaissance. As in the realm of art and sculpture, technology was the product of virtuosi, not to be repeated on a mass scale. I suspect that the base principles of TCO emerged with the French physiocrats of the late 18th century, such as Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot or Fran? oise Quesnay. They established crucial elements, such as investment capital and diminishing returns. Their concepts were subsequently expanded by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations. They were crucial for the later institutionalization of engineering and science that occurred during the French revolutionary era, particularly the rationalization of the armories. Napoleon’s engineers began to pay very close attention to issues like the effectiveness of cannons, how easily they were moved and repaired, and how long they lasted in active service. While they didn’t call this process TCO, the core elements were certainly there. So, if I had to guess, TCO dates not from the late 1980s but from the late 18th century. There’s an important lesson in this. The key takeaway for me is that most good advice has a much longer history that we realize. Sometimes, it even predates UNIVAC. August 2008 What that car really costs to own Knowing a vehicles cost over time can save you thousands in the long haul [pic] Illustration by Carlo Stanga A less-expensive car can cost you more in the long run than a more-expensive alternative, our new ownership-costs comparisons have found. At about $17,500, a Mitsubishi Lancer could cost $4,000 less than a base  Mini Cooper to drive home. But when you estimate the total costs of ownership for each car, the Lancer could cost you $5,000 more over five years. A Toyota Highlander can cost you $3,000 more to purchase than a Ford Explorer V6, but owning the Ford after five years can cost $6,750 more. In addition to shopping for a good deal, car buyers should also consider how much a model will cost them to own. That includes depreciation, fuel costs, interest, insurance, sales tax, and maintenance and repair costs. To help, Consumer Reports is introducing its new owner-costs estimates, which can help you compare models and could save you thousands of dollars. The owner costs Ratings cover one, three, five, and eight years of ownership and are based on a comparison of all models within the Consumer Reports database over eight years. Because depreciation is factored in our estimates, we assume that the vehicle will be traded in at the end of the term. COSTS VARY AMONG SIMILAR MODELS [pic] WHERE THE MONEY GOES  Ã‚  Here is how ownership costs break down over five years, based on our study of more than 300 vehicles. In analyzing ownership costs we made some notable discoveries: †¢ While Hyundai and Kia models have low prices and long warranties, the savings are often offset by poor resale values. Hyundais Accent and Elantra dont prove any less expensive after five years than Hondas more expensive Fit and Civic. Most Lexus models have relatively high maintenance and repair costs (primarily due to maintenance), despite excellent reliability. The Lexus ES350 racks up an average of $2,300 in maintenance and repair in the first five years, about twice what youd pay on a Lincoln MKZ. †¢ A little sports car can cost less to own than a family sedan. The Mazda Miata and Mazda6 V6 sell for about the same price. B ut at the end of five years, we estimate the Miata owner will be about $7,750 ahead. †¢ The Toyota Prius is one of the few hybrids that can save you money. It costs about $7,500 more than a similarly sized Chevrolet Cobalt to buy but costs almost $3,500 less over five years. CALCULATING THE COSTS Our cost of ownership Ratings comprise six main factors: Depreciation is the largest cost factor by far. On average, it accounts for about 46 percent of total ownership costs over five years. Depreciation is a vehicles loss in value over a defined period. To calculate it, we start with the price of a typically equipped model and factor in the discounts offered off of the manufacturers suggested retail price on some models. The average model depreciates about 65 percent over five years. Some vehicles depreciate faster than others because of oversupply, limited appeal, or rebates on similar new models. When we dont have depreciation data for a new model, we use estimates based on comparable vehicles. Fuel costs can really add up, especially for SUVs. For example, you could pay more than $15,000 to fill up a Dodge Nitro over five years, while a similar-sized but more-efficient RAV4 V6 could save you $4,000 during that time. To calculate fuel costs, we assume the vehicles are driven 12,000 miles a year, the average reported by respondents to our annual survey. To that we apply the national average price of $4. 00 a gallon for regular gas as of early June 2008. For models that require premium or diesel fuel, we use these costs: $4. 20 a gallon for premium, and $4. 80 for diesel. On average, fuel is the second-largest cost of vehicle ownership, at 26 percent over five years. Interest is tied directly to vehicle price, and accounts for about 12 percent of five-year ownership costs. We calculate it based on a five-year loan, with a 15 percent down payment, because that is how many people buy cars. We use the average interest rate of 6. 8 percent as reported by Bankrate. com in June 2008. Insurance costs vary depending on many factors, including your age, location, and driving record. And they can dramatically boost the ownership costs of models that otherwise would seem affordable. For example, if youre looking for a fast car on a budget, steer clear of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. Insurance can run $2,500 a year or more. Conversely, the similarly priced Acura TL can cost as little as $900 to insure over a year. Overall, insurance makes up about 11 percent of total ownership costs over five years. Costs are derived from data from the Highway Loss Data Institute. Maintenance and repair costs make up 4 percent of ownership costs over five years on average, according to data from 675,000 Consumer Reports subscribers who responded to the online version of our 2007 Annual Car Reliability Survey. They gave us their estimated costs for the last year-excluding tires-and their responses provided data for more than 300 models on vehicles up to eight years old. We used estimates based on similar models when data was unavailable. The majority of the costs are covered by the factory warranty during the first few years. But for some vehicles it can still add up. On average, we found that the Range Rover is the most expensive vehicle to own for maintenance and repairs, costing about $2,000 in the fifth year alone. But the Toyota Land Cruiser is also luxurious and very capable off-road and costs only $600 in that year. Sales tax costs owners about as much as maintenance and repair does. We use the national average of 4. 9 percent.

Social Issues Of The 1960S Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s

Social Issues Of The 1960'S SOCIAL ISSUES OF THE 1960s MANY SOCIAL CHANGES THAT WERE ADDRESSED IN THE 1960s ARE STILL THE ISSUES BEING CONFRONTED TODAY. THE '60s WAS A DECADE OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL UPHEAVAL. IN SPITE OF ALL THE TURMOIL, THERE WERE SOME POSITIVE RESULTS: THE CIVIL RIGHTS REVOLUTION, JOHN F. KENNEDY'S BOLD VISION OF A NEW FRONTIER, AND THE BREATHTAKING ADVANCES IN SPACE, HELPED BRING ABOUT PROGRESS AND PROSPERITY. HOWEVER, MUCH WAS NEGATIVE: STUDENT AND ANTI-WAR PROTEST MOVEMENTS, POLITICAL ASSASSINATIONS, AND GHETTO RIOTS EXCITED AMERICAN PEOPLE AND RESULTED IN LACK OF RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY AND THE LAW. THE DECADE BEGAN UNDER THE SHADOW OF THE COLD WAR WITH THE SOVIET UNION, WHICH WAS AGGRAVATED BY THE U-2 INCIDENT, THE BERLIN WALL, AND THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, ALONG WITH THE SPACE RACE WITH THE USSR. THE DECADE ENDED UNDER THE SHADOW OF THE VIET NAM WAR, WHICH DEEPLY DIVIDED AMERICANS AND THEIR ALLIES AND DAMAGED THE COUNTRY'S SELF-CONFIDENCE AND SENSE OF PURPOSE. EVEN IF YOU WEREN'T ALIVE DURING THE '60s, YOU KNOW WHAT THEY MEANT WHEN THEY SAID, TUNE IN, TURN ON, DROP OUT. YOU KNOW WHY THE NATION CELEBRATES MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.'S BIRTHDAY. ALL OF THE SOCIAL ISSUES ARE REFLECTED IN TODAY'S SOCIETY: THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, THE STUDENT MOVEMENT, SPACE EXPLORATION, THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION, THE ENVIRONMENT, MEDICINE AND HEALTH, AND FUN AND FASHION, THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. THE MOMENTUM OF THE PREVIOUS DECADE'S CIVIL RIGHTS GAINS LED BY REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. CARRIED OVER INTO THE 1960s. BUT FOR MOST BLACKS, THE TANGIBLE RESULTS WERE MINIMAL. ONLY A MINUSCULE PERCENTAGE OF BLACK CHILDREN ACTUALLY ATTENDED INTEGRATED SCHOOLS, AND IN THE SOUTH, JIM CROW PRACTICES BARRED BLACKS FROM JOBS AND PUBLIC PLACES. NEW GROUPS AND GOALS WERE FORMED, NEW TACTICS DEVISED, TO PUSH FORWARD FOR FULL EQUALITY. AS OFTEN AS NOT, WHITE RESISTANCE RESULTED IN VIOLENCE. THIS VIOLENCE SPILLED ACROSS TV SCREENS NATIONWIDE. THE AVERAGE, NEUTRAL AMERICAN, AFTER SEEING HIS/HER TV SCREEN, TURNED INTO A CIVIL RIGHTS SUPPORTER. BLACK UNITY AND WHITE SUPPORT CONTINUED TO GROW. IN 1962, WITH THE FIRST LARGE-SCALE PUBLIC PROTEST AGAINST RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. GAVE A DRAMATIC AND INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH IN WASHINGTON, D.C. AFTER A LONG MARCH OF THOUSANDS TO THE CAPITAL. THE POSSIBILITY OF RIOT AND BLOODSHED WAS ALWAYS THERE, BUT THE MARCHERS TOOK THAT CHANCE SO THAT THEY COULD ACCEPT THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIRST CLASS CITIZENS. THE NEGRO, KING SAID IN THIS SPEECH, LIVES ON A LONELY ISLAND OF POVERTY IN THE MIDST OF A VAST OCEAN OF MATERIAL PROSPERITY AND FINDS HIMSELF AN EXILE IN HIS OWN LAND. KING CONTINUED STOLIDLY: IT WOULD BE FATAL FOR THE NATION TO OVERLOOK THE URGENCY OF THE MOMENT AND TO UNDERESTIMATE THE DETERMINATION OF THE NEGRO. THIS SWELTERING SUMMER OF THE NEGRO'S LEGITIMATE DISCONTENT WILL NOT PASS UNTIL THERE IS AN INVIGORATING AUTUMN OF FREEDOM AND EQUALITY. (BURNSTIEN P.176) WHEN KING CAME TO THE END OF HIS PREPARED TEXT, HE SWEPT RIGHT ON INTO AN EXHIBITION OF IMPROM PTU ORATORY THAT WAS CATCHING, DRAMATIC, AND INSPIRATIONAL. I HAVE A DREAM, KING CRIED OUT. THE CROWD BEGAN CHEERING, BUT KING, NEVER PAUSING, BROUGHT SILENCE AS HE CONTINUED, I HAVE A DREAM THAT ONE DAY ON THE RED HILLS OF GEORGIA THE SONS OF FORMER SLAVES AND THE SONS OF FORMER SLAVEOWNERS WILL BE ABLE TO SIT DOWN TOGETHER AT THE TABLE OF BROTHERHOOD. I HAVE A DREAM, HE WENT ON, RELENTLESSLY SHOUTING DOWN THE THUNDEROUS SWELL OF APPLAUSE, THAT EVEN THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI, A STATE SWELTERING WITH PEOPLE'S INJUSTICES, SWELTERING WITH THE HEAT OF OPPRESSION, WILL BE TRANSFORMED INTO AN OASIS OF FREEDOM AND JUSTICE. I HAVE DREAM, CRIED KING FOR THE LAST TIME, THAT MY FOUR LITTLE CHILDREN WILL ONE DAY LIVE IN A NATION WHERE THEY WILL NOT BE JUDGED BY THE COLOR OF THEIR SKIN BUT BY THE CONTENT OF THEIR CHARACTER. (GARRATY P. 278) EVERYONE AGREED THE MARCH WAS A SUCCESS AND THEY WANTED ACTION NOW! BUT, NOW! REMAINED A LONG WAY OFF. PRESIDENT KENNEDY WAS NEVER ABLE TO MOBILIZE SUFFICIENT SUPPORT TO PASS A CIVIL RIGHTS BILL WITH TEETH OVER THE OPPOSITION OF SEGREGATIONIST SOUTHERN MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. BUT AFTER HIS ASSASSINATION, PRESIDENT JOHNSON, DRAWING ON THE KENNEDY

Weather for 2012 Essay

Weather for 2012 Essay Weather for 2012 Essay Weather Analysis Project This is my weather analysis project. Throughout this paper you will be informed on the weather results during the time period of August through April. Throughout my analysis you will be informed on how the precipitation, temperature and the median daylight hours have changed throughout the months and seasons. Precipitation is the measurement of the amount of rainfall. Everyone would think that spring is typically the season that would produce the most precipitations of all the flowers are growing along with the saying April shower brings May flowers. When you compare the months August and October on the graph they have the most consistent amount of rain fall. The rainfall ranges from 4.3 to 5.44 inches during those months. Though April did have a large amount of rainfall with 4.49 inches so that would support the assumption that spring brings more precipitation. Temperature is the measurement we use to quantify the sensations of hot and cold of the outside. In August the temperature was 71 degrees fahrenheit and in September the temperature started to decline all the way through the month of November. It wasn’t until December that the temperature began to rise .5 of a degree. During January and February the temperature declined back down. In March the temperature then b egan to increase once again and the temperature continued to incline into April. Median daylight hours calculate the times the sunrises and sunsets during the day. Have you ever heard of daylight savings time? If you haven’t, it is when we shift our time an hour behind in the fall and an hour ahead in the spring. The saying is fall

Brazil - Individual vs Collective Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brazil - Individual vs Collective - Assignment Example The Brazilian people also embraced the European cultures and innovations that significantly shaped the local civilization in the country. This has ultimately made the present day Brazil a fusion of different cultures making it complex and distinct. With a population of nearly 190 million people, most of them being whites of Italian, Polish, and Portuguese origin, Brazilians mainly follow the Catholic doctrine. The Portuguese occupation of the country for many years has also influenced the Brazilian official language that is Portuguese, although there are exists a small fraction of natives who speak their languages (Valenà §a, 2006). Brazilians value the family unit and its structure hence families are generally big usually even comprising of extended family members who share a closeness with each other and offer support and any help to one another each time the need arises. Brazilians distinguish each other by class according to how wealthy one is with regard to his or her money flow as well as the person colour. Individuals from darker ethnicities are more disadvantaged in the country. The immense disparities in wage brackets tend to create an enormous gap between the locals leading to a lack of interaction between those from the lower economic scale and the rich or upper-class category. Brazilian women are also usually delegated to lesser paying jobs like nursing and teaching. The people of Brazil are known to be affectionate with women kissing each other's cheeks as a sign of salutation and men shaking hands firmly. Brazilian businesspersons will normally first have an amicable relationship with each other before engaging in business deals that are prone to last a long time because of the fact that they put a lot of weight on the people they are dealing with. They are particularly keen to deal with people and not companies hence the need for a personal acquaintance with business partners.